Abstract
Risk of middle-income trap: increasing competition from low-wage countries and from countries with greater technological capabilities. Successful countries have undertaken a “Big Push” in science and technology, including public investment in higher education. Human resource outcomes are integrated within national Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policies. East Asian countries have invested heavily in STI, including basic and applied research and STEM training.
Keywords: middle-income trap, developing countries, human resources, science and technology.
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